The 9th volume of the Women and Public Policy Journal brings together Afghan scholars, legal experts, and international practitioners to examine the ideological foundations of Taliban policies, assess the effectiveness of international responses, and explore concrete legal pathways forward — including the potential role of the International Court of Justice and the codification of gender apartheid as a crime against humanity under international law. This volume stands as a critical contribution to one of the defining human rights debates of our time, and a powerful testament to the resilience and intellectual leadership of Afghan women.